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The Time Value of Money
An Introduction


Prof. David Bernstein
James Madison University

Computer Science Department
bernstdh@jmu.edu

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Motivation
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  • A Question:
    • Would you rather I give you $100 today or $100 in ten years (guaranteed)?
  • Why?
    • This is the key to understanding the time value of money
Interest
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  • Consider a Simple Savings Account:
    • When you deposit money in a savings account it accrues interest (i.e., the bank will allow you to withdraw more than you deposited)
  • An Example:
    • How much will you be able to withdraw in a year if the annual interest rate is 5%?
A Formalization
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  • Notation:
    • \(P\) denotes the present value (e.g., the initial deposit in your account)
    • \(n\) denotes the year
    • \(F_n\) denotes the future value in year \(n\) (e.g., the balance in your account in year \(n\))
    • \(I\) denotes the interest earned
    • \(r\) denotes the interest rate per year
  • Simple Interest:
    • Interest is earned only on the initial deposit
    • \(I = P \cdot n \cdot r\)
  • An Example:
    • \(P = 100\)
    • \(r = 0.10\)
    • \(n = 1\)
    • So, \(I = 100 \cdot 1 \cdot 0.10 = 10\)
A Formalization (cont.)
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  • Compound Interest:
    • Interest is earned on both the initial deposit and the prior interest
  • An Example (with the same values as above):
    • Interest in Year 1: \(100 \cdot 0.10 = 10.00\)
    • Interest in Year 2: \(110 \cdot 0.10 = 11.00\)
    • Interest in Year 3: \(121 \cdot 0.10 = 12.10\)
  • The Recurrence Relation:
    • \(F_0 = P\)
    • \(F_1 = F_0 + F_0 \cdot r = F_0 \cdot (1 + r) = P\cdot(1 + r)\)
    • \(F_2 = F_1 + F_1 \cdot r = F_1 \cdot (1 + r) = P\cdot(1 + r)\cdot(1 + r) = P \cdot (1+r)^2\)
    • \(F_3 = F_2 + F_2 \cdot r = F_2 \cdot (1 + r) = P \cdot(1 + r)^3\)
    • \(\vdots\)
    • \(F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-1} \cdot r = F_{n-1} \cdot (1 + r) = P \cdot (1+r)^n\)
A Modified Version of the Original Question
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  • Suppose:
    • The interest rate is (and will continue to be) 10%
  • Which Would Your Prefer?
    • $100 today
    • $110 in one year
    • $121 in two years
Calculating the Present Value
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  • Suppose you are Given:
    • The interest rate: \(r\)
    • The year: \(n\)
    • The future value in year \(n\): \(F_n\)
  • The Present Value:
    • \(P = \frac{F_n}{(1+r)^n}\)
  • An Example:
    • \(n = 6\)
    • \(F_n = 1000\)
    • \(r = 0.08\)
    • \(P = \frac{1000}{1.08^6} = \frac{1000}{1.59} = 630.17\)
An Example
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  • Setting:
    • Your company has been approached to develop and maintain a software product
    • You are going to receive revenues, \(R\), over time
    • You are going to incur costs, \(C\), over time
  • The Proposed Contract:
    • npv-data
An Example (cont.)
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  • The Interest Rate:
    • Your company can borrow money at 4% (i.e., \(r = 0.04\))
  • Summary of the Calculations:
    • npv-calculations
An Example (cont.)
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Discounting the Revenue Stream

An Example (cont.)
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Discounting the Cost Stream

An Example (cont.)
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An Alternative Approach - Discounting the Profit Stream

Annuities
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  • Defined:
    • The same amount of money, \(A\), is "received" each year
  • Given What We Already Know:
    • \(P = \frac{A}{(1+r)^1} + \frac{A}{(1+r)^2} + \cdots + \frac{A}{(1+r)^{(n-1)}} + \frac{A}{(1+r)^n} \)
Annuities (cont.)
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  • Simplifying:
    • \(P = A \left[\frac{1}{(1+r)^1} + \frac{1}{(1+r)^2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{(1+r)^{(n-1)}} + \frac{1}{(1+r)^n}\right] \)
  • This Can be Reduced To:
    • \(P = A \left[ \frac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}\right] \)
Annuities (cont.)
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  • In General:
    • \(F_n = P (1 + r)^n\)
  • For an Annuity:
    • \(F_n = A \left[ \frac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}\right] (1 + r)^n\)
  • This can be Simplified To:
    • \(F_n = A \left[ \frac{(1+r)^{n} - 1}{r}\right]\)
Annuities (cont.)
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  • Suppose:
    • I deposit 1000 per year for 10 years at 0.05
    • \(F_{10} = 1000 \left[ \frac{1.05^{10} - 1}{0.05}\right] = 1000 \left[ \frac{1.63 - 1}{0.05}\right] = 12577.89\)
  • Suppose:
    • I'm graduating from college and want to have $1,000,000 in 30 years and the interest rate is 0.08
    • \(1000000 = A \left[ \frac{1.08^{30} - 1}{0.08}\right] = A \cdot 113.28\)
    • So, I need to deposit 1,000,000/113.28 = $8,827.68 every year
Internal Rate of Return
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  • In Some Situations:
    • We know the present value and a stream of cash flows (over a given number of years) and we want to find the interest rate that makes us indifferent between the two
  • An Example:
    • I can invest a given amount of money in a project now
    • If I do, I am guaranteed a stream of payments in the future
Internal rate of Return (cont.)
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  • One Way To Proceed (or Maybe Not):
    • Write a program that tries every possible interest rate
  • A Better Way To Proceed - Bisection:
    •    low   = a lower bound
         high  = an upper bound
         
         while (high and low are too far apart)
         {
            guess = (low + high) / 2.0
      
            calculate the PV for flow using guess
      
            if (PV > 0.0)         // guess is too low
            {
               low  = guess;         
            }
            else if (PV < 0.0) // guess is too high
            {
               high = guess;
            }
            else                  // guess is just right
            {
               low = high = guess;
            }
         }
      
         return (low + high)/2.0
              
There's Always More to Learn
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