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Parking Management
An Introduction


Prof. David Bernstein
James Madison University

Computer Science Department
bernstdh@jmu.edu

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Parking Facilities
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  • On-Street:
    • Parallel
    • Perpendicular
    • Angle
  • Lots:
    • Perpendicular
    • Angled Echelon
    • "Double" Parking (which requires an operator)
  • Decks:
    • Multilevel
    • Automated
Nerd Humor
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http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/robotic_garage.png
(Courtesy of xkcd)
Charging Schemes
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  • Duration-Based:
    • The amount charged depends on the duration of the stay
  • Fixed-Price Per Use:
    • The amount charged is independent of the duration of the stay but the user is charged for each use
  • Permit-Based:
    • A fixed-price permit provides access to the facility
Payment Technologies - Meters
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  • Facility Types:
    • On-Street
    • Lot/Deck
  • Location:
    • At the spot
    • At a nearby kiosk
  • Payment Mechanisms:
    • Cash/Coin
    • Credit/Debit Card
Payment Technologies - Ticket
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  • Facility Types:
    • Lot/Deck
  • Location:
    • Received at ingress point
    • Paid at kiosk or egress point
    • Shown at egress point (either with proof of payment or not)
  • Payment Mechanisms:
    • Cash/Coin
    • Credit/Debit Card
Payment Technologies - AVI-Based
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  • Facility Types:
    • On-Street
    • Lot/Deck
  • Location:
    • Depends on the facility type and the charging scheme (i.e., can be at the spot, at ingress only, at ingress and egress points)
  • Tag Types:
    • Readers may need to ingress and egress times (depending on the charging scheme) if read-only tags are used
    • Read-write tags are more flexible
Payment Technologies - Verification Issues
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  • Kinds of Verification:
    • Instant - the amount of the payment is verified when payment is tendered
    • Periodic - the amount of the payment is verified periodically (e.g., an employee periodically checks the kiosk)
    • Honor System - the amount of the payment is never verified
  • Overstaying with Duration-Based Charging Schemes:
    • Pre-payment for duration-based charging schemes may require repeated verification
"Smart" Parking Systems
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  • Rationale:
    • Parking search imposes a cost on the individual
    • Parking search causes congestion (because circling increases vehicle miles of travel and because search occurs at reduced speed)
    • People sometimes "waste" parking spaces
  • Services:
    • Real-Time Spot Finding
    • Real-Time Reservations
    • Dynamic Pricing
Collecting Real-Time Information
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  • Ingress/Egress Sensors:
    • Appropriate for lots/decks with limited access
  • Point Sensors:
    • Appropriate for all types of facilities
  • Area Sensors:
    • Appropriate for all types of facilities but occlusion is sometimes a problem
More Nerd Humor
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http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/parking.png
(Courtesy of xkcd)
Real-Time Reservations
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  • Benefits:
    • Increased certainty (e.g., guarantee the accuracy of spot-finding systems)
  • Issues:
    • When can the reservation be made (and the relationship to route guidance systems)?
    • How can you prevent people from occupying a reserved spot?
Dynamic Pricing
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  • Benefits:
    • Internalize the externalities (as with congestion pricing)
  • Issues:
    • How frequently can prices change (relative to the duration of trips)?
    • When is pricing information made available?
Dynamic Pricing (cont.)
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An Example of Demand Changing Over Time
A Park-and-Ride Facility in Newark, NJ

images/park-and-ride_newark.png
There's Always More to Learn
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