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IP Anycast and Multicast
An Introduction


Prof. David Bernstein
James Madison University

Computer Science Department
bernstdh@jmu.edu

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Overview
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  • Unicast:
    • One sender and one receiver
  • Broadcast:
    • One sender and all receivers
  • Multicast:
    • One sender and a group of receivers
Applications of Multicast
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  • Games
  • Teleconferencing
  • Audio/Video "On Demand"
  • Group Chat
IP Anycast
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  • Motivation:
    • Load-balancing and failover using IP addresses rather than the DNS
  • Approach:
    • Multiple server "instances" share an IP address
    • Routing infrastructure directs packets to the appropriate server
IP Anycast - An Example
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images/anycast-example.gif
IP Anycast - An Example (cont.)
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  • Servers Announce to Router 0:
    • They both announce they are 10.0.0.1/32
  • Router 0's Routing Table: 
    • 	Destination     Mask    NextHop       Distance
        134.126.0.0     /29     127.0.0.1     0
        10.0.0.1        /32     134.126.0.1   1
        10.0.0.1        /32     134.126.0.2   2
  • DNS Lookup of www.example.com: 
    •         www.example.com  IN   A   10.0.0.1
  • Client Connects to www.server.com:
    • Router 0 routes through router 1
    • Client/routers think there is one server
Problems with IP Anycast
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  • Each "group" needs an entry in the global routing table
  • Limited by IP routing (e.g., application-layer metrics can't be used)
  • Connection-oriented protocols (e.g., TCP) won't failover
Approaches to Multicast
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  • Multiple Unicast
  • IP Multicast
  • Overlay Multicast
Multiple Unicast
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  • Process:
    • Client unicasts to every recipient in the group
  • Assessment:
    • Simple to implement
    • Client must transmit \(n\) times and network must handle \(n\) times the traffic
IP Multicast
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  • Process:
    • Multicast group is defined by a special address as per RFC3171 (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255)
    • Sender sends packet to multicast address
    • Receiver delivers packet to all appropriate subnetworks
  • Assessment:
    • Best effort only
    • Limited number of groups
    • Membership is driven by receivers (as per the Internet Group Management Protocol described in RFC3376)
Group Management
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  • Create a group
  • Join a group
  • Leave a group
  • Show members of a group
Multicast Routing
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  • Link State Multicast:
    • Used with link state routing
    • Link state includes the groups who have members on this link
    • A routing tree is calculated to build the routing table
  • Distance Vector Multicast:
    • Used with distance vector routing
    • Creates a broadcast tree for each group and then prunes it (a.k.a., broadcast-and-prune)
Adding Reliability
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  • Issues:
    • All receivers might ACK at once
    • Sender does not know all receivers
  • Questions:
    • Who to retransmit to? How?
    • What kind of reliability is required? Is it application specific?
Different Approaches to Reliabile Multicast
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  • Scalable Reliable Multicast
  • Pragmatic General Multicast (RFC3208)
There's Always More to Learn
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